Without the balance between insulin and glucagon, the glucose levels become inappropriately skewed. Beta and alpha cells are continually changing their levels of hormone secretions based on the glucose environment. In the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, there are two main subclasses of endocrine cells: insulin-producing beta cells and glucagon secreting alpha cells. The pathogenesis for T1DM and T2DM is drastically different, and therefore each type has various etiologies, presentations, and treatments. T1DM presents in children or adolescents, while T2DM is thought to affect middle-aged and older adults who have prolonged hyperglycemia due to poor lifestyle and dietary choices. The main subtypes of DM are Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which classically result from defective insulin secretion (T1DM) and/or action (T2DM). DM has several categories, including type 1, type 2, maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), gestational diabetes, neonatal diabetes, and secondary causes due to endocrinopathies, steroid use, etc. In the US, it remains as the seventh leading cause of death.ĭiabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease, involving inappropriately elevated blood glucose levels. Unfortunately, even today, diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the country and worldwide.

Over the years, exceptional work has taken place, and multiple discoveries, as well as management strategies, have been created to tackle this growing problem. In 1922 Banting, Best, and Collip purified the hormone insulin from the pancreas of cows at the University of Toronto, leading to the availability of an effective treatment for diabetes in 1922. Mering and Minkowski, in 1889, discovered the role of the pancreas in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Ancient Greek, Indian, and Egyptian civilizations discovered the sweet nature of urine in this condition, and hence the propagation of the word Diabetes Mellitus came into being. A review of the history shows that the term 'diabetes' was first used by Apollonius of Memphis around 250 to 300 BC.

Diabetes mellitus is taken from the Greek word diabetes, meaning siphon - to pass through and the Latin word mellitus meaning sweet.

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